剛開始看怪異，看久了可愛的龍膽

上次在植物園的戶外教學，我看到一些長著怪異紫色花苞的植物，問TA，TA說不知道是什麼。(照片不是我拍的)

回家查資料發現是龍膽的一種，bottle gentian (Gentiana andrewii)，紫色的是花，不只是花苞。Wisconsin有紫的和白的近似種，紫的較常見，兩種還會雜交。我們很幸運地遇到它的開花期(8-10月)。緊閉的花瓣其實是植物的詭計，因為蜜蜂必須擠進去取花蜜，難免弄得滿身花粉！

If I Have a Garden (Psychoactive Plants That I Want to Own)

If I have a garden, those are some beautiful or useful legal psychoactive plants that I'd love to have. I hope all of them will still be legal when I get a garden. (Of course I'd love some illegal ones too, but they are illegal.)

1. Datura spp. (angel's trumpet; jimson weed)

Major active chemicals: atropine, scopolamine (anticholinergic deliriant)

2. Papaver spp. (poppy)
 
Major active chemical: morphine (analgesic)

3. Echinopsis peruviana (Peruvian torch cactus)
 

Major active chemical: mescaline (psychedelic)

4. Nicotiana spp. (tobacco)

Major active chemical: nicotine (stimulant??)

5. Ipomoea tricolor (morning glory)

 

Major active chemical: ergine (aka LSA, psychedelic)

6. Passiflora spp. (passion flower)

Major active chemicals: chrysin and other flavones (sedative), harman (MAOI)

 

7. Psychotria viridis

Major active chemical: DMT (psychedelic)

8. Coffea spp. (coffee tree)

Major active chemical: caffeine (stimulant)

9. Scutellaria spp. (skullcap)

Major active chemicals: baicalein and other flavones (sedative)

兔子還敢吃嗎？

這是我以前留下來的和最近種的花：從一年級陪我到現在的和平百合，去年種的非洲菫、red prayer和lipstick plant，今年種的新幾內亞鳳仙、菊花、變葉草、香菜、和泰國辣椒。

 

兔子不吃番茄樹，因為有微毒性。番茄苗本來好好的，最近快死了，不知是生病還是前一陣子天天下雨被淹死了？讓我心疼不已。家附近野兔、松鼠多，不停地破壞我的小花園。先是謀殺了常春藤，今天早上我又氣急敗壞地發現泰國辣椒半顆不見了。難道兔子不覺得辣嗎？和平百合、鳳仙、和其他的植物也不時慘遭毒手，這些鼠輩好像就算不吃，也喜歡把葉子啃幾口，拉扯到地上，或是亂挖盆栽裡的培養土。

我決定把菊花送給Madison Children's Museum，不然那一盆永遠都沒機會長大，一長葉子就被兔子吃掉。我今天去市場抱了一個曼陀羅花(Datura)回來。市場也有賣白花，這一個是淡紫花復辦，還有古怪的香味。跟台灣花是向下垂的品種不一樣，它的花是向上長的。

希望這棵可以長大，開很多花，最好還結一些種子讓我留下來。還敢吃？毒死你，要不然就享受Datura有名的精神錯亂幻覺吧！

My First Scholarship

Me at the Undergraduate Award Ceremony (May 9, 2013) receiving my Hilldale Award (the first scholarship in my life), with the chancellor, Mr. David Ward. I received the scholarship for my research project on the Manduca juvenile hormone binding protein.

 

 

Me and my two friends from the Department of Entomology.

The Two Assumptions of Heritability Studies

Evolution cannot occur without at least some traits being heritable. Heritability is a measure of parent-offspring resemblance; so a trait with high heritability has a high genetic component to it, right?
No.

This is one strange and paradoxical thing about heredity studies: heritability is defined as something specific to a certain population in certain circumstances. It is neither a property of an individual nor a property of a trait.

In parent-offspring correlation studies, heritability is simply the slope that measures the resemblance between the average trait value of the two parents and the trait value of the offspring. In twin studies, heritability is the correlation between the trait values of the twins.

From my reading about scientific and philosophical articles on heritability, I figured that two assumptions are implied in those studies without even being mentioned:
(1) Parents and offspring always resemble, instead of differ from, each other. (In other word, the slope of heritability on the parent-offspring graph is always positive.)
(2) Heritability can never equal to zero. This is because of how the math works out. Heritability is a correlation: a covariance over the product of two standard deviations. Covariances and standard deviations are always positive numbers.

Think about it: pick any measurable trait, its heritability will be a non-zero positive number, even if in reality it does not have genetic component. So what does heritability really tell us?

What would our evolution looks like if parents and offspring always tend to differ, not resemble, each other? Would we evolve backwards? Within one generation, the evolutionary response in the offspring will shift in the opposite direction as the selective pressure; however, the response will be cancelled in the grand-offspring generation under the same selective pressure. Just thinking about this weird scenario gave me a giggle fit in my philosophy-biology class.

Dumpling Making (Chinese New Year)

I posted those photos on Facebook, but they could only be seemed by group members so I'm posting them here so other people can see them. Those are not all the photos, though.

February 16, 2013: Chinese New Year celebration - dumpling making with oSTEM

It took a long time just to cut the pork and the cabbage.

We enjoyed it. One of the girls said, there is not a thing we added in the dumpling that I don't like.

I was so prepared in my Chinese shirt. I was teaching ancient Chinese secret! LOL

I think he really had fun chopping the pork.

Good arm exercise. :D

Why that expression? LOL

My friends were amazing. We made about a hundred dumplings. It was their first time making dumplings, they learned it by just watching me once, and none of the dumplings broke after boiling.

"My mind just had a little imploding (when I saw how a dumpling is folded)," he said.

It was so delicious! I was so happy and proud! :D

I let them try different sauces. I had soy sauce, white vinegar, sesame oil, chili oil, and spicy bean sauce. They love it, even the spicy bean sauce. It must be a very different taste to them.

She was vegetarian, so she made a batch of vegetarian dumplings.

I think dumpling making is a great New Year tradition to carry on, isn't it?

Interview at Madison Children's Museum

The manager of the Rooftop of Madison Children's Museum interviewed me. She liked the fact that I love insects and I come from Taiwan. Interested in ethnobotany and indigenous agriculture, she hoped to hear about what vegetables and herbs Taiwanese people grow and eat. She also hoped that I could help take care of their cockroaches and meal-worms, and start a cricket culture; so the animals living on Rooftop will have food source, and children can look at those insects. I think it meant that she gladly accepted me as the summer volunteer, so I'll be going to Children's Museum one morning 9 to 1 o'clock per week to help take care of their garden, animals, and play with children!

Growing Food and Sustainability, after reviewing my application for their summer paid internship, said they were impressed by my application and wanted to interview me soon. I hope the interview will go well. I think one of the greatest things university taught me is bettering my BS ability. I wrote so much for the application but I already forgot what I wrote!

Dysdera crocata

I found a medium-sized spider in my house. At first, I was a bit alarmed because I didn't know if this red- and ivory-colored spider with big fangs was poisonous. I checked online and found it's a Dysdera crocata, commonly known as the woodlouse spider. It feeds exclusively on woodlice and its big fangs are used to grab and pierce through the exoskeleton of woodlice! Luckily this spider doesn't cause problems to humans. When I tried to find it again, it was gone, probably went hiding somewhere in my house. It was a pretty spider!

Pictures of spiders of the same species from the internet: